| Tatsuhiko Shibusawa | |
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Shibusawa Tatsuhiko |
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| Born | 8 May 1928 Tokyo, Japan |
| Died | 5 August 1987 (aged 59) Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan |
| Occupation | Writer, Translator of French Literature |
| Genres | novels, essays |
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Influences
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Tatsuhiko Shibusawa (澁澤 龍彦 Shibusawa Tatsuhiko, 8 May 1928 - 5 August 1987) was the pen name of Shibusawa Tatsuo, a novelist, art critic, and translator of French literature active during the Shōwa period of Japan. Shibusawa wrote many short stories and novels based on French literature and Japanese classics. His essays about black magic, demonology, and eroticism are also popular in Japan.
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Shibusawa was born in the upper-class district of Takanawa in Tokyo. His father was a banker, and his mother was the daughter of an industrialist and politician. He was distantly related to the famous Shibusawa Eiichi. While going through high school during World War II, he had the ambition to be an aeronautical engineer. However, the possibilities for a career in that field disappeared with Japan's defeat in the war, and Shibusawa received notably poor scores in the German language, which was widely used in engineering at the time. He turned his attention to study of the French language instead.
In 1950, after working as an editor at the Modern Nihon magazine under Junnosuke Yoshiyuki for 2 years (one of the authors he edited was Hisao Juran), he entered the University of Tokyo's school of French literature, where he enthusiastically embraced the avant-garde movement of surrealism, which started in France after World War I. He was especially attracted to André Breton, and this led him to learn of the works of the Marquis de Sade.
Although he did graduate from a master's course at the University of Tokyo, he had to abandon plans to become a professor because of tuberculosis, and started his career as a freelance writer instead. He relocated from Tokyo to the resort town of Kamakura, Kanagawa prefecture in 1946, due to its reputation for having a healthful climate for lung disorders, and continued to live there to his death.
After publishing his first book, a translation of Jean Cocteau's Le Grand Ecart (大跨びらき) in 1954, he began to introduce French literature to Japanese readers through his translations.
In 1959, Tatsuhiko published Akutoku no sakae (悪徳の栄え), a translation of de Sade's L’Histoire de Juliette; ou, Les Prosperites du vice. The work was immediately controversial, and in 1960, he and Kyōji Ishii (石井 恭二 Ishii Kyōji), the publisher, were prosecuted for public obscenity. During the trial, which is called Sade Trial (サド裁判) in Japan, Kenzaburō Ōe, Shūsaku Endō, Shōhei Ōoka and many other authors testified for the defense. However, in 1969, in an important decision, the Japanese Supreme Court ruled that Shibusawa and Ishii were guilty. He was fined 70,000 yen (slightly less than US$200 at the time); the triviality of the sum greatly outraged him, given the nine years that the trial had taken from his life.
Shibusawa, although discouraged, was not deterred, and continued to write works on eroticism and to translate the works of de Sade, as well as other French authors; he also produced essays and art criticism, and became a specialist in the study of medieval demonology.
He also continued to work in fiction. In 1981 he published a fantasy novel titled Karakusa Monogatari ("Karakusa Story"). Other fantasy novels include Utsuro Bune ("Hollow ship") and Takaoka Shinno Kokai-ki ("The Voyages of Prince Takaoka").
Shibusawa was one of the closest friends of Yukio Mishima. Madame de Sade by Mishima (1965) is entirely based on Shibusawa's The Life of Marquis de Sade (サド侯爵の生涯, 1964); but on the other hand, today it is known that Shibusawa himself plagiarized his own work largely from Vie du Marquis de Sade by Gilbert Lely (1961). In The Temple of Dawn (1969), Mishima created Yasushi Imanishi (今西 康 Imanishi Yasushi) based on Shibusawa's personality.
Shibusawa died of larynx cancer in 1987. His grave is at the temple of Jochi-ji in Kamakura.